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Studying the Effects of Opioid Usage on Fetal Development

Modified on May 10, 2021 at 12:48 PM

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In 2015, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention published a study that showed a third of women aged 15 to 44 receive a prescription for opioid medication every year. This in itself is not so unusual as opioids are a popular drug choice for pain management, but the number also represents women in their childbearing years who may have had exposure to opioids before or during pregnancy. 

Furthermore, a 2019 survey reports that 7% of women self-reported as being prescribed and using prescription opioids to manage pain while pregnant. Among the opioid medications used by these women were oxycodone, hydrocodone and fentanylโ€”all Schedule II drugs because their highly addictive nature increases the chances of them being abused, which is what happened with 21.2% of the women who were surveyed. However, not everyone is willing to admit that they used opioids during pregnancy, so a new study proposes to detect opioid usage disorders by observing changes to the placenta.

The 2020 study called โ€œMaternal oxycodone treatment causes pathophysiological changes in the mouse placentaโ€ was authored by biomedical science researchers at the University of Missouri. Using an animal model instead of human cell cultures allows them to observe opioid drug effects on the developing embryo. The study focuses on oxycodone, an opioid drug that has been prescribed to pregnant women for pain relief, and how its usage creates biological markers detectable on the placental structure.

Concept and Methodology

The placenta is a nonpermanent organ that develops only during a pregnancy, and it houses the embryo while attaching itself to the uterine wall. It is also responsible for supplying the embryo with oxygen and nutrients from the mother. For this study, the scientists performed tests on mice because mouse placenta has many similarities to that of humans, including cells that can only be found in the placenta and come in contact with the motherโ€™s blood. Mice also have a much shorter gestation compared to humans, and the 21-day period from conception to birth allows researchers to track changes at a faster rate.

The female mice were given a daily dose of oxycodone before and during gestation. Upon collection, the placenta of the oxycodone-treated mice showed that the drug had caused damage to the placenta and that the cells responsible for sustaining brain development had been greatly reduced. Male and female placentas also responded differently to the presence of oxycodone, which the researchers believe can be used to determine if a fetus has been exposed to the drug while in utero. The authors plan to conduct further studies on how oxycodone affects the baby mice when they are born.

Potential Applications

The effects of opioid usage on children who received exposure in the womb is not a new observation but more research is needed to understand how developmental delays occur. This studyโ€™s breakthrough with the identification of potential biomarkers can make it possible to assess for substance abuse in newborn screenings. Doctors may also be better able to identify the factors that contribute to developmental delays in children affected by substance use disorders, and thus be able to deliver more effective treatments. 

The study also gives cause to reevaluate the prescription of opioid medication for use during pregnancy and to screen for substance abuse and provide early intervention. As a drug with a high likelihood of causing user dependence, opioids can be misused and be the cause of substance use disorder. This behavior is especially risky for pregnant women as opioid use disorder contributes to the most severe cases of neonatal abstinence syndrome. Newborns exposed to substances while in the womb can experience drug withdrawal symptoms at birth, including seizures that can cause cognitive damage. Treatment for withdrawal symptoms can last for up to 6 months.

Fitting into the Bigger Picture

Opioid medications have the highest rates of prescription drug abuse and contribute to the opioid crisis in the US. In Florida alone, 70% of drug-related deaths are attributed to opioid usage. Miami drug rehab facilities and other Florida-based treatment centers have even created focused programs for addressing opioid addictions, as almost half of opioid abuse cases are for prescription drug abuse.

The University of Missouri study may encourage health professionals to reconsider opioid prescriptions in favor of non-opioid alternatives. There is also a need to properly inform their patients about the risks involved in using opioids, as women who may have a planned or unplanned pregnancy may not be aware of the drugโ€™s possible effects. Lessening opioid prescriptions and promoting patient education may not necessarily solve the nationโ€™s opioid usage crisis, but they are important first steps in reducing its usage among women and protecting children as a vulnerable population and will help them to stop using drugs.ย 

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Posted By The Fashionable Housewife
on May 10, 2021 at 9:30 AM
Filed Under: Pregnancy
Tagged With: fetal developement, opioids, oxycodone, pregnancy, pregnancy advice, pregnant, rehab, rehab centers

About The Fashionable Housewife

Sarah-Jean Ballard is the Editor in Chief of The Fashionable Housewife blog and Founder of Fashionable Media. Married to a sexy Molecular Biologist, housewife, mom to 5, homeschooler, Certified Personal Nutritionist and entrepreneur who's mission is to help moms just like you look and feel GREAT! Other interests include dancing, yoga, positive intactivism, natural birth and breastfeeding support, babywearing, paleo & gluten-free cooking, and promoting an overall healthy lifestyle to all.

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Sarah-Jean Ballard

Hi! Iโ€™m Sarah-Jean. Iโ€™m a Christian, the wife of a handsome Molecular Biologist, and the homeschooling mother of 5 beautiful kids!

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Their standing desk and exercise chair is a GAME CHANGER!! ๐Ÿ™Œ๐Ÿป๐Ÿ™Œ๐Ÿป

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The kids couldnโ€™t be happier so I have no regrets putting our tree up before Thanksgiving. ๐Ÿ˜‚๐Ÿ’๐Ÿผโ€โ™€๏ธ

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Loving our new 5 bin storage unit for the playroom Loving our new 5 bin storage unit for the playroom from @guidecraft_official !!

The bins hold a surprising amount and I love how solid and sturdy this is. Perfect for organizing toys at kid eye level. Itโ€™s also great for seasonal home decor! ๐Ÿคญ๐Ÿ๐Ÿ‚

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An often-overlooked element to planning your perfe An often-overlooked element to planning your perfect hiking outfit is finding the perfectย minimalist backpack! 

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What they remember about their childhood is in you What they remember about their childhood is in your hands ๐Ÿซถ๐Ÿป

#motherhood #motherhoodrising #motherhoodunplugged #motherhoodthroughinstagram #motherhoodintheraw
This is what our homeschool looks like sometimes. This is what our homeschool looks like sometimes. ๐Ÿฅณ

Canโ€™t believe my oldest son is 13 and outside helping dad do home projects like building a new deck. ๐Ÿคฏ Seems like yesterday he was in his walker on this back deck and it looked a lot better ๐Ÿ˜‚

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This kid blows me away daily and makes me so proud to be his mom. I donโ€™t have enough words to describe how much I love this child. ๐Ÿ˜ญ

Drop a comment and wish this boy a happy birthday! ๐ŸŽ‰๐ŸŽ‚ 

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Work from home? You need @flexispot_official The Work from home? You need @flexispot_official 

Their standing desk and exercise chair is a GAME CHANGER!! ๐Ÿ™Œ๐Ÿป๐Ÿ™Œ๐Ÿป

Whether you have a laptop or a desktop pc, being able to adjust your desk at the push of a button and stand for a while is absolutely essential to working long hours at a computer. 

This bicycle chair is designed specifically for this desk and a great way to keep your body moving. You could also use an under desk treadmill like @superun_fitness for even more flexibility! ๐Ÿ’ƒ๐Ÿผ

Just because you have to work at a desk all day doesnโ€™t mean you need to be out of shape. ๐Ÿ’ช๐Ÿป๐Ÿ‹๐Ÿผโ€โ™€๏ธ๐Ÿคธ๐Ÿปโ€โ™€๏ธ

Motherhood and working from home is hard. FLEXISPOT makes it easier. 

Check out my blog and search โ€œFLEXISPOTโ€ for more info!!

Comment and tell me how many hours a day you spend sitting! Be honest! ๐Ÿ‘‡๐Ÿป๐Ÿ‘‡๐Ÿป๐Ÿ‘‡๐Ÿป

#motherhood #motherhoodunplugged #workfromhome #athomeworkouts #athomefitness #fitmoms #fitmomsofig
If putting up your Christmas tree brings you joy, If putting up your Christmas tree brings you joy, go for it!! 

Our new @kingofchristmas 7.5' Queen Flockยฎ Artificial Christmas Tree is absolutely amazing! ๐Ÿ™Œ๐Ÿป๐Ÿ™Œ๐Ÿป

The kids couldnโ€™t be happier so I have no regrets putting our tree up before Thanksgiving. ๐Ÿ˜‚๐Ÿ’๐Ÿผโ€โ™€๏ธ

Follow my shop @fashionablewife on the @shop.LTK app to shop this post and get my exclusive app-only content!

#liketkit #LTKSeasonal #LTKHolidaySale #LTKHoliday #kingofchristmas 
@shop.ltk
https://liketk.it/4n9gW
Loving our new 5 bin storage unit for the playroom Loving our new 5 bin storage unit for the playroom from @guidecraft_official !!

The bins hold a surprising amount and I love how solid and sturdy this is. Perfect for organizing toys at kid eye level. Itโ€™s also great for seasonal home decor! ๐Ÿคญ๐Ÿ๐Ÿ‚

Whatโ€™s your favorite piece of furniture in your house?! 

Tell me in the comments! ๐Ÿ‘‡๐Ÿป๐Ÿ‘‡๐Ÿป๐Ÿ‘‡๐Ÿป

#homedecor #momlife #homeorganization #playroomorganization #playroomdecor #homedecorideas #fallhomedecor
An often-overlooked element to planning your perfe An often-overlooked element to planning your perfect hiking outfit is finding the perfectย minimalist backpack! 

You donโ€™t want to be weighed down by an oversized, clunky backpack that boasts all the bells and whistles but delivers nothing more than unnecessary muscle strain. You want a backpack that is minimal on the outside, functional on the inside, and sustainable all around. Waxed canvas is always a top choice for me!

Iโ€™m obsessed with this backpack from @hellodayowls ๐Ÿ˜

It has that perfect boho minimalist look that I love, in the perfect color for fall. This has become my go-to handbag for autumn. 

Perfect for all our outdoor adventures, hiking in the mountains, exploring the woods with my kids, and everything motherhood throws at me! ๐Ÿฅพ ๐Ÿง—๐Ÿผโ€โ™€๏ธ ๐ŸŒฒ 

Learn more about this bag on my blog ๐Ÿซถ๐Ÿป

#backpacking #outdoorfashion #wildandfreemama #mountainmama #motherhoodjourney #minimalfashion
I miss summer already ๐Ÿ˜ญ Take me back to a bett I miss summer already ๐Ÿ˜ญ

Take me back to a better place ๐Ÿ‘‰๐Ÿป summer time at @storylandnh !! ๐Ÿฅณ๐Ÿฅณ๐Ÿฅณ๐Ÿฅณ

Canโ€™t wait to go again next year! ๐Ÿ™Œ๐Ÿปโœจ๐Ÿคธ๐Ÿปโ€โ™€๏ธ

#summertime #familytime #familyadventures #motherhoodunplugged #childhoodunplugged
What they remember about their childhood is in you What they remember about their childhood is in your hands ๐Ÿซถ๐Ÿป

#motherhood #motherhoodrising #motherhoodunplugged #motherhoodthroughinstagram #motherhoodintheraw
This is what our homeschool looks like sometimes. This is what our homeschool looks like sometimes. ๐Ÿฅณ

Canโ€™t believe my oldest son is 13 and outside helping dad do home projects like building a new deck. ๐Ÿคฏ Seems like yesterday he was in his walker on this back deck and it looked a lot better ๐Ÿ˜‚

Thankful that @homedepot has great prices so we could finally afford to do this home reno project! ๐Ÿ’ช๐Ÿป๐ŸŽ‰

#motherhood #motherhoodunplugged #hereisourhomeschool #motherhoodthroughinstagram
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